CCR/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/xarray/coding/times.py

1397 lines
51 KiB
Python

from __future__ import annotations
import re
import warnings
from collections.abc import Callable, Hashable
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from functools import partial
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union, cast
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from pandas.errors import OutOfBoundsDatetime, OutOfBoundsTimedelta
from xarray.coding.variables import (
SerializationWarning,
VariableCoder,
lazy_elemwise_func,
pop_to,
safe_setitem,
unpack_for_decoding,
unpack_for_encoding,
)
from xarray.core import indexing
from xarray.core.common import contains_cftime_datetimes, is_np_datetime_like
from xarray.core.duck_array_ops import asarray, ravel, reshape
from xarray.core.formatting import first_n_items, format_timestamp, last_item
from xarray.core.pdcompat import default_precision_timestamp, timestamp_as_unit
from xarray.core.utils import attempt_import, emit_user_level_warning
from xarray.core.variable import Variable
from xarray.namedarray.parallelcompat import T_ChunkedArray, get_chunked_array_type
from xarray.namedarray.pycompat import is_chunked_array
from xarray.namedarray.utils import is_duck_dask_array
try:
import cftime
except ImportError:
cftime = None
from xarray.core.types import (
CFCalendar,
CFTimeDatetime,
NPDatetimeUnitOptions,
PDDatetimeUnitOptions,
T_DuckArray,
)
T_Name = Union[Hashable, None]
# standard calendars recognized by cftime
_STANDARD_CALENDARS = {"standard", "gregorian", "proleptic_gregorian"}
_NS_PER_TIME_DELTA = {
"ns": 1,
"us": int(1e3),
"ms": int(1e6),
"s": int(1e9),
"m": int(1e9) * 60,
"h": int(1e9) * 60 * 60,
"D": int(1e9) * 60 * 60 * 24,
}
_US_PER_TIME_DELTA = {
"microseconds": 1,
"milliseconds": 1_000,
"seconds": 1_000_000,
"minutes": 60 * 1_000_000,
"hours": 60 * 60 * 1_000_000,
"days": 24 * 60 * 60 * 1_000_000,
}
_NETCDF_TIME_UNITS_CFTIME = [
"days",
"hours",
"minutes",
"seconds",
"milliseconds",
"microseconds",
]
_NETCDF_TIME_UNITS_NUMPY = _NETCDF_TIME_UNITS_CFTIME + ["nanoseconds"]
TIME_UNITS = frozenset(
[
"days",
"hours",
"minutes",
"seconds",
"milliseconds",
"microseconds",
"nanoseconds",
]
)
def _is_standard_calendar(calendar: str) -> bool:
return calendar.lower() in _STANDARD_CALENDARS
def _is_numpy_compatible_time_range(times):
if is_np_datetime_like(times.dtype):
return True
# times array contains cftime objects
times = np.asarray(times)
tmin = times.min()
tmax = times.max()
try:
# before relaxing the nanosecond constrained
# this raised OutOfBoundsDatetime for
# times < 1678 and times > 2262
# this isn't the case anymore for other resolutions like "s"
# now, we raise for dates before 1582-10-15
_check_date_is_after_shift(tmin, "standard")
_check_date_is_after_shift(tmax, "standard")
convert_time_or_go_back(tmin, pd.Timestamp)
convert_time_or_go_back(tmax, pd.Timestamp)
except pd.errors.OutOfBoundsDatetime:
return False
except ValueError as err:
if err.args[0] == "year 0 is out of range":
return False
raise
else:
return True
def _netcdf_to_numpy_timeunit(units: str) -> NPDatetimeUnitOptions:
units = units.lower()
if not units.endswith("s"):
units = f"{units}s"
return cast(
NPDatetimeUnitOptions,
{
"nanoseconds": "ns",
"microseconds": "us",
"milliseconds": "ms",
"seconds": "s",
"minutes": "m",
"hours": "h",
"days": "D",
}[units],
)
def _numpy_to_netcdf_timeunit(units: NPDatetimeUnitOptions) -> str:
return {
"ns": "nanoseconds",
"us": "microseconds",
"ms": "milliseconds",
"s": "seconds",
"m": "minutes",
"h": "hours",
"D": "days",
}[units]
def _ensure_padded_year(ref_date: str) -> str:
# Reference dates without a padded year (e.g. since 1-1-1 or since 2-3-4)
# are ambiguous (is it YMD or DMY?). This can lead to some very odd
# behaviour e.g. pandas (via dateutil) passes '1-1-1 00:00:0.0' as
# '2001-01-01 00:00:00' (because it assumes a) DMY and b) that year 1 is
# shorthand for 2001 (like 02 would be shorthand for year 2002)).
# Here we ensure that there is always a four-digit year, with the
# assumption being that year comes first if we get something ambiguous.
matches_year = re.match(r".*\d{4}.*", ref_date)
if matches_year:
# all good, return
return ref_date
# No four-digit strings, assume the first digits are the year and pad
# appropriately
matches_start_digits = re.match(r"(\d+)(.*)", ref_date)
if not matches_start_digits:
raise ValueError(f"invalid reference date for time units: {ref_date}")
ref_year, everything_else = (s for s in matches_start_digits.groups())
ref_date_padded = f"{int(ref_year):04d}{everything_else}"
warning_msg = (
f"Ambiguous reference date string: {ref_date}. The first value is "
"assumed to be the year hence will be padded with zeros to remove "
f"the ambiguity (the padded reference date string is: {ref_date_padded}). "
"To remove this message, remove the ambiguity by padding your reference "
"date strings with zeros."
)
warnings.warn(warning_msg, SerializationWarning, stacklevel=2)
return ref_date_padded
def _unpack_netcdf_time_units(units: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
# CF datetime units follow the format: "UNIT since DATE"
# this parses out the unit and date allowing for extraneous
# whitespace. It also ensures that the year is padded with zeros
# so it will be correctly understood by pandas (via dateutil).
matches = re.match(r"(.+) since (.+)", units)
if not matches:
raise ValueError(f"invalid time units: {units}")
delta_units, ref_date = (s.strip() for s in matches.groups())
ref_date = _ensure_padded_year(ref_date)
return delta_units, ref_date
def named(name: str, pattern: str) -> str:
return "(?P<" + name + ">" + pattern + ")"
def optional(x: str) -> str:
return "(?:" + x + ")?"
def trailing_optional(xs: list[str]) -> str:
if not xs:
return ""
return xs[0] + optional(trailing_optional(xs[1:]))
def build_pattern(
date_sep: str = r"\-",
datetime_sep: str = r"T",
time_sep: str = r"\:",
micro_sep: str = r".",
) -> str:
pieces = [
(None, "year", r"[+-]?\d{4,5}"),
(date_sep, "month", r"\d{2}"),
(date_sep, "day", r"\d{2}"),
(datetime_sep, "hour", r"\d{2}"),
(time_sep, "minute", r"\d{2}"),
(time_sep, "second", r"\d{2}"),
(micro_sep, "microsecond", r"\d{1,6}"),
]
pattern_list = []
for sep, name, sub_pattern in pieces:
pattern_list.append((sep if sep else "") + named(name, sub_pattern))
# TODO: allow timezone offsets?
return "^" + trailing_optional(pattern_list) + "$"
_BASIC_PATTERN = build_pattern(date_sep="", time_sep="")
_EXTENDED_PATTERN = build_pattern()
_CFTIME_PATTERN = build_pattern(datetime_sep=" ")
_PATTERNS = [_BASIC_PATTERN, _EXTENDED_PATTERN, _CFTIME_PATTERN]
def parse_iso8601_like(datetime_string: str) -> dict[str, str | None]:
for pattern in _PATTERNS:
match = re.match(pattern, datetime_string)
if match:
return match.groupdict()
raise ValueError(
f"no ISO-8601 or cftime-string-like match for string: {datetime_string}"
)
def _parse_iso8601(date_type, timestr):
default = date_type(1, 1, 1)
result = parse_iso8601_like(timestr)
replace = {}
for attr in ["year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second", "microsecond"]:
value = result.get(attr, None)
if value is not None:
resolution = attr
if attr == "microsecond":
if len(value) <= 3:
resolution = "millisecond"
# convert match string into valid microsecond value
value = 10 ** (6 - len(value)) * int(value)
replace[attr] = int(value)
return default.replace(**replace), resolution
def _maybe_strip_tz_from_timestamp(date: pd.Timestamp) -> pd.Timestamp:
# If the ref_date Timestamp is timezone-aware, convert to UTC and
# make it timezone-naive (GH 2649).
if date.tz is not None:
return date.tz_convert("UTC").tz_convert(None)
return date
def _unpack_time_unit_and_ref_date(
units: str,
) -> tuple[NPDatetimeUnitOptions, pd.Timestamp]:
# same us _unpack_netcdf_time_units but finalizes ref_date for
# processing in encode_cf_datetime
time_unit, _ref_date = _unpack_netcdf_time_units(units)
time_unit = _netcdf_to_numpy_timeunit(time_unit)
ref_date = pd.Timestamp(_ref_date)
ref_date = _maybe_strip_tz_from_timestamp(ref_date)
return time_unit, ref_date
def _decode_cf_datetime_dtype(
data,
units: str,
calendar: str | None,
use_cftime: bool | None,
time_unit: PDDatetimeUnitOptions = "ns",
) -> np.dtype:
# Verify that at least the first and last date can be decoded
# successfully. Otherwise, tracebacks end up swallowed by
# Dataset.__repr__ when users try to view their lazily decoded array.
values = indexing.ImplicitToExplicitIndexingAdapter(indexing.as_indexable(data))
example_value = np.concatenate(
[first_n_items(values, 1) or [0], last_item(values) or [0]]
)
try:
result = decode_cf_datetime(
example_value, units, calendar, use_cftime, time_unit
)
except Exception as err:
calendar_msg = (
"the default calendar" if calendar is None else f"calendar {calendar!r}"
)
msg = (
f"unable to decode time units {units!r} with {calendar_msg!r}. Try "
"opening your dataset with decode_times=False or installing cftime "
"if it is not installed."
)
raise ValueError(msg) from err
else:
dtype = getattr(result, "dtype", np.dtype("object"))
return dtype
def _decode_datetime_with_cftime(
num_dates: np.ndarray, units: str, calendar: str
) -> np.ndarray:
if TYPE_CHECKING:
import cftime
else:
cftime = attempt_import("cftime")
if num_dates.size > 0:
return np.asarray(
cftime.num2date(num_dates, units, calendar, only_use_cftime_datetimes=True)
)
else:
return np.array([], dtype=object)
def _check_date_for_units_since_refdate(
date, unit: NPDatetimeUnitOptions, ref_date: pd.Timestamp
) -> pd.Timestamp:
# check for out-of-bounds floats and raise
if date > np.iinfo("int64").max or date < np.iinfo("int64").min:
raise OutOfBoundsTimedelta(
f"Value {date} can't be represented as Datetime/Timedelta."
)
delta = date * np.timedelta64(1, unit)
if not np.isnan(delta):
# this will raise on dtype overflow for integer dtypes
if date.dtype.kind in "u" and not np.int64(delta) == date:
raise OutOfBoundsTimedelta(
"DType overflow in Datetime/Timedelta calculation."
)
# this will raise on overflow if ref_date + delta
# can't be represented in the current ref_date resolution
return timestamp_as_unit(ref_date + delta, ref_date.unit)
else:
# if date is exactly NaT (np.iinfo("int64").min) return NaT
# to make follow-up checks work
return pd.Timestamp("NaT")
def _check_timedelta_range(value, data_unit, time_unit):
if value > np.iinfo("int64").max or value < np.iinfo("int64").min:
OutOfBoundsTimedelta(f"Value {value} can't be represented as Timedelta.")
# on windows multiplying nan leads to RuntimeWarning
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.filterwarnings(
"ignore", "invalid value encountered in multiply", RuntimeWarning
)
delta = value * np.timedelta64(1, data_unit)
if not np.isnan(delta):
# this will raise on dtype overflow for integer dtypes
if value.dtype.kind in "u" and not np.int64(delta) == value:
raise OutOfBoundsTimedelta(
"DType overflow in Datetime/Timedelta calculation."
)
# this will raise on overflow if delta cannot be represented with the
# resolutions supported by pandas.
pd.to_timedelta(delta)
def _align_reference_date_and_unit(
ref_date: pd.Timestamp, unit: NPDatetimeUnitOptions
) -> pd.Timestamp:
# align to the highest needed resolution of ref_date or unit
if np.timedelta64(1, ref_date.unit) > np.timedelta64(1, unit):
# this will raise accordingly
# if data can't be represented in the higher resolution
return timestamp_as_unit(ref_date, cast(PDDatetimeUnitOptions, unit))
return ref_date
def _check_date_is_after_shift(
date: pd.Timestamp | datetime | CFTimeDatetime, calendar: str
) -> None:
# if we have gregorian/standard we need to raise
# if we are outside the well-defined date range
# proleptic_gregorian and standard/gregorian are only equivalent
# if reference date and date range is >= 1582-10-15
if calendar != "proleptic_gregorian":
if date < type(date)(1582, 10, 15):
raise OutOfBoundsDatetime(
f"Dates before 1582-10-15 cannot be decoded "
f"with pandas using {calendar!r} calendar: {date}"
)
def _check_higher_resolution(
flat_num_dates: np.ndarray,
time_unit: PDDatetimeUnitOptions,
) -> tuple[np.ndarray, PDDatetimeUnitOptions]:
"""Iterate until fitting resolution found."""
res: list[PDDatetimeUnitOptions] = ["s", "ms", "us", "ns"]
new_units = res[res.index(time_unit) :]
for new_time_unit in new_units:
if not ((np.unique(flat_num_dates % 1) > 0).any() and new_time_unit != "ns"):
break
flat_num_dates *= 1000
return flat_num_dates, new_time_unit
def _decode_datetime_with_pandas(
flat_num_dates: np.ndarray,
units: str,
calendar: str,
time_resolution: PDDatetimeUnitOptions = "ns",
) -> np.ndarray:
if not _is_standard_calendar(calendar):
raise OutOfBoundsDatetime(
f"Cannot decode times from a non-standard calendar, {calendar!r}, using "
"pandas."
)
# Work around pandas.to_timedelta issue with dtypes smaller than int64 and
# NumPy 2.0 by casting all int and uint data to int64 and uint64,
# respectively. See https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/56996 for
# more details.
if flat_num_dates.dtype.kind == "i":
flat_num_dates = flat_num_dates.astype(np.int64)
elif flat_num_dates.dtype.kind == "u":
flat_num_dates = flat_num_dates.astype(np.uint64)
try:
time_unit, ref_date = _unpack_time_unit_and_ref_date(units)
ref_date = _align_reference_date_and_unit(ref_date, time_unit)
# here the highest wanted resolution is set
ref_date = _align_reference_date_and_unit(ref_date, time_resolution)
except ValueError as err:
# ValueError is raised by pd.Timestamp for non-ISO timestamp
# strings, in which case we fall back to using cftime
raise OutOfBoundsDatetime from err
_check_date_is_after_shift(ref_date, calendar)
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "invalid value encountered", RuntimeWarning)
if flat_num_dates.size > 0:
# avoid size 0 datetimes GH1329
_check_date_for_units_since_refdate(
flat_num_dates.min(), time_unit, ref_date
)
_check_date_for_units_since_refdate(
flat_num_dates.max(), time_unit, ref_date
)
# To avoid integer overflow when converting to nanosecond units for integer
# dtypes smaller than np.int64 cast all integer and unsigned integer dtype
# arrays to np.int64 (GH 2002, GH 6589). Note this is safe even in the case
# of np.uint64 values, because any np.uint64 value that would lead to
# overflow when converting to np.int64 would not be representable with a
# timedelta64 value, and therefore would raise an error in the lines above.
if flat_num_dates.dtype.kind in "iu":
flat_num_dates = flat_num_dates.astype(np.int64)
elif flat_num_dates.dtype.kind in "f":
flat_num_dates = flat_num_dates.astype(np.float64)
timedeltas = _numbers_to_timedelta(
flat_num_dates, time_unit, ref_date.unit, "datetime"
)
# add timedeltas to ref_date
return ref_date + timedeltas
def decode_cf_datetime(
num_dates,
units: str,
calendar: str | None = None,
use_cftime: bool | None = None,
time_unit: PDDatetimeUnitOptions = "ns",
) -> np.ndarray:
"""Given an array of numeric dates in netCDF format, convert it into a
numpy array of date time objects.
For standard (Gregorian) calendars, this function uses vectorized
operations, which makes it much faster than cftime.num2date. In such a
case, the returned array will be of type np.datetime64.
Note that time unit in `units` must not be smaller than microseconds and
not larger than days.
See Also
--------
cftime.num2date
"""
num_dates = np.asarray(num_dates)
flat_num_dates = ravel(num_dates)
if calendar is None:
calendar = "standard"
if use_cftime is None:
try:
dates = _decode_datetime_with_pandas(
flat_num_dates, units, calendar, time_unit
)
except (KeyError, OutOfBoundsDatetime, OutOfBoundsTimedelta, OverflowError):
dates = _decode_datetime_with_cftime(
flat_num_dates.astype(float), units, calendar
)
# retrieve cftype
dates_min = dates[np.nanargmin(num_dates)]
dates_max = dates[np.nanargmax(num_dates)]
cftype = type(dates_min)
# create first day of gregorian calendar in current cf calendar type
border = cftype(1582, 10, 15)
# "ns" borders
# between ['1677-09-21T00:12:43.145224193', '2262-04-11T23:47:16.854775807']
lower = cftype(1677, 9, 21, 0, 12, 43, 145224)
upper = cftype(2262, 4, 11, 23, 47, 16, 854775)
if dates_min < border:
if _is_standard_calendar(calendar):
emit_user_level_warning(
"Unable to decode time axis into full "
"numpy.datetime64 objects, continuing using "
"cftime.datetime objects instead, reason: dates prior "
"reform date (1582-10-15). To silence this warning specify "
"'use_cftime=True'.",
SerializationWarning,
)
elif time_unit == "ns" and (dates_min < lower or dates_max > upper):
emit_user_level_warning(
"Unable to decode time axis into full "
"numpy.datetime64[ns] objects, continuing using "
"cftime.datetime objects instead, reason: dates out "
"of range. To silence this warning use a coarser resolution "
"'time_unit' or specify 'use_cftime=True'.",
SerializationWarning,
)
else:
if _is_standard_calendar(calendar):
dates = cftime_to_nptime(dates, time_unit=time_unit)
elif use_cftime:
dates = _decode_datetime_with_cftime(flat_num_dates, units, calendar)
else:
dates = _decode_datetime_with_pandas(flat_num_dates, units, calendar, time_unit)
return reshape(dates, num_dates.shape)
def to_datetime_unboxed(value, **kwargs):
result = pd.to_datetime(value, **kwargs).to_numpy()
assert np.issubdtype(result.dtype, "datetime64")
return result
def _numbers_to_timedelta(
flat_num: np.ndarray,
time_unit: NPDatetimeUnitOptions,
ref_unit: PDDatetimeUnitOptions,
datatype: str,
) -> np.ndarray:
"""Transform numbers to np.timedelta64."""
# keep NaT/nan mask
if flat_num.dtype.kind == "f":
nan = np.asarray(np.isnan(flat_num))
elif flat_num.dtype.kind == "i":
nan = np.asarray(flat_num == np.iinfo(np.int64).min)
# in case we need to change the unit, we fix the numbers here
# this should be safe, as errors would have been raised above
ns_time_unit = _NS_PER_TIME_DELTA[time_unit]
ns_ref_date_unit = _NS_PER_TIME_DELTA[ref_unit]
if ns_time_unit > ns_ref_date_unit:
flat_num = np.asarray(flat_num * np.int64(ns_time_unit / ns_ref_date_unit))
time_unit = ref_unit
# estimate fitting resolution for floating point values
# this iterates until all floats are fractionless or time_unit == "ns"
if flat_num.dtype.kind == "f" and time_unit != "ns":
flat_num, new_time_unit = _check_higher_resolution(
flat_num, cast(PDDatetimeUnitOptions, time_unit)
)
if time_unit != new_time_unit:
msg = (
f"Can't decode floating point {datatype} to {time_unit!r} without "
f"precision loss, decoding to {new_time_unit!r} instead. "
f"To silence this warning use time_unit={new_time_unit!r} in call to "
f"decoding function."
)
emit_user_level_warning(msg, SerializationWarning)
time_unit = new_time_unit
# Cast input ordinals to integers and properly handle NaN/NaT
# to prevent casting NaN to int
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter("ignore", RuntimeWarning)
flat_num = flat_num.astype(np.int64)
if nan.any():
flat_num[nan] = np.iinfo(np.int64).min
# cast to wanted type
return flat_num.astype(f"timedelta64[{time_unit}]")
def decode_cf_timedelta(
num_timedeltas, units: str, time_unit: PDDatetimeUnitOptions = "ns"
) -> np.ndarray:
"""Given an array of numeric timedeltas in netCDF format, convert it into a
numpy timedelta64 ["s", "ms", "us", "ns"] array.
"""
num_timedeltas = np.asarray(num_timedeltas)
unit = _netcdf_to_numpy_timeunit(units)
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "All-NaN slice encountered", RuntimeWarning)
_check_timedelta_range(np.nanmin(num_timedeltas), unit, time_unit)
_check_timedelta_range(np.nanmax(num_timedeltas), unit, time_unit)
timedeltas = _numbers_to_timedelta(num_timedeltas, unit, "s", "timedelta")
pd_timedeltas = pd.to_timedelta(ravel(timedeltas))
if np.isnat(timedeltas).all():
empirical_unit = time_unit
else:
empirical_unit = pd_timedeltas.unit
if np.timedelta64(1, time_unit) > np.timedelta64(1, empirical_unit):
time_unit = empirical_unit
if time_unit not in {"s", "ms", "us", "ns"}:
raise ValueError(
f"time_unit must be one of 's', 'ms', 'us', or 'ns'. Got: {time_unit}"
)
result = pd_timedeltas.as_unit(time_unit).to_numpy()
return reshape(result, num_timedeltas.shape)
def _unit_timedelta_cftime(units: str) -> timedelta:
return timedelta(microseconds=_US_PER_TIME_DELTA[units])
def _unit_timedelta_numpy(units: str) -> np.timedelta64:
numpy_units = _netcdf_to_numpy_timeunit(units)
return np.timedelta64(1, numpy_units)
def _infer_time_units_from_diff(unique_timedeltas) -> str:
# todo: check, if this function works correctly wrt np.timedelta64
unit_timedelta: Callable[[str], timedelta] | Callable[[str], np.timedelta64]
zero_timedelta: timedelta | np.timedelta64
if unique_timedeltas.dtype == np.dtype("O"):
time_units = _NETCDF_TIME_UNITS_CFTIME
unit_timedelta = _unit_timedelta_cftime
zero_timedelta = timedelta(microseconds=0)
else:
time_units = _NETCDF_TIME_UNITS_NUMPY
unit_timedelta = _unit_timedelta_numpy
zero_timedelta = np.timedelta64(0, "ns")
for time_unit in time_units:
if np.all(unique_timedeltas % unit_timedelta(time_unit) == zero_timedelta):
return time_unit
return "seconds"
def infer_calendar_name(dates) -> CFCalendar:
"""Given an array of datetimes, infer the CF calendar name"""
if is_np_datetime_like(dates.dtype):
return "proleptic_gregorian"
elif dates.dtype == np.dtype("O") and dates.size > 0:
# Logic copied from core.common.contains_cftime_datetimes.
if cftime is not None:
sample = np.asarray(dates).flat[0]
if is_duck_dask_array(sample):
sample = sample.compute()
if isinstance(sample, np.ndarray):
sample = sample.item()
if isinstance(sample, cftime.datetime):
return sample.calendar
# Error raise if dtype is neither datetime or "O", if cftime is not importable, and if element of 'O' dtype is not cftime.
raise ValueError("Array does not contain datetime objects.")
def infer_datetime_units(dates) -> str:
"""Given an array of datetimes, returns a CF compatible time-unit string of
the form "{time_unit} since {date[0]}", where `time_unit` is 'days',
'hours', 'minutes' or 'seconds' (the first one that can evenly divide all
unique time deltas in `dates`)
"""
dates = ravel(np.asarray(dates))
if np.issubdtype(np.asarray(dates).dtype, "datetime64"):
dates = to_datetime_unboxed(dates)
dates = dates[pd.notnull(dates)]
reference_date = dates[0] if len(dates) > 0 else "1970-01-01"
reference_date = pd.Timestamp(reference_date)
else:
reference_date = dates[0] if len(dates) > 0 else "1970-01-01"
reference_date = format_cftime_datetime(reference_date)
unique_timedeltas = np.unique(np.diff(dates))
units = _infer_time_units_from_diff(unique_timedeltas)
return f"{units} since {reference_date}"
def format_cftime_datetime(date) -> str:
"""Converts a cftime.datetime object to a string with the format:
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.UUUUUU
"""
return f"{date.year:04d}-{date.month:02d}-{date.day:02d} {date.hour:02d}:{date.minute:02d}:{date.second:02d}.{date.microsecond:06d}"
def infer_timedelta_units(deltas) -> str:
"""Given an array of timedeltas, returns a CF compatible time-unit from
{'days', 'hours', 'minutes' 'seconds'} (the first one that can evenly
divide all unique time deltas in `deltas`)
"""
deltas = ravel(deltas)
unique_timedeltas = np.unique(deltas[pd.notnull(deltas)])
return _infer_time_units_from_diff(unique_timedeltas)
def cftime_to_nptime(
times, raise_on_invalid: bool = True, time_unit: PDDatetimeUnitOptions = "ns"
) -> np.ndarray:
"""Given an array of cftime.datetime objects, return an array of
numpy.datetime64 objects of the same size
If raise_on_invalid is True (default), invalid dates trigger a ValueError.
Otherwise, the invalid element is replaced by np.NaT."""
times = np.asarray(times)
new = []
dt: np.datetime64
for _i, t in np.ndenumerate(times):
try:
# We expect either "us" resolution or "s" resolution depending on
# whether 'microseconds' are defined for the input or not.
dt = (
pd.Timestamp(np.datetime64(t.isoformat())).as_unit(time_unit).to_numpy()
)
except ValueError as e:
if raise_on_invalid:
raise ValueError(
f"Cannot convert date {t} to a date in the "
f"standard calendar. Reason: {e}."
) from e
else:
dt = np.datetime64("NaT")
new.append(dt)
return np.asarray(new).reshape(times.shape)
def convert_times(times, date_type, raise_on_invalid: bool = True) -> np.ndarray:
"""Given an array of datetimes, return the same dates in another cftime or numpy date type.
Useful to convert between calendars in numpy and cftime or between cftime calendars.
If raise_on_valid is True (default), invalid dates trigger a ValueError.
Otherwise, the invalid element is replaced by np.nan for cftime types and np.NaT for np.datetime64.
"""
if date_type in (pd.Timestamp, np.datetime64) and not is_np_datetime_like(
times.dtype
):
return cftime_to_nptime(times, raise_on_invalid=raise_on_invalid)
if is_np_datetime_like(times.dtype):
# Convert datetime64 objects to Timestamps since those have year, month, day, etc. attributes
times = pd.DatetimeIndex(times)
new = np.empty(times.shape, dtype="O")
for i, t in enumerate(times):
try:
dt = date_type(
t.year, t.month, t.day, t.hour, t.minute, t.second, t.microsecond
)
except ValueError as e:
if raise_on_invalid:
raise ValueError(
f"Cannot convert date {t} to a date in the "
f"{date_type(2000, 1, 1).calendar} calendar. Reason: {e}."
) from e
else:
dt = np.nan
new[i] = dt
return new
def convert_time_or_go_back(date, date_type):
"""Convert a single date to a new date_type (cftime.datetime or pd.Timestamp).
If the new date is invalid, it goes back a day and tries again. If it is still
invalid, goes back a second day.
This is meant to convert end-of-month dates into a new calendar.
"""
if date_type == pd.Timestamp:
date_type = default_precision_timestamp
try:
return date_type(
date.year,
date.month,
date.day,
date.hour,
date.minute,
date.second,
date.microsecond,
)
except OutOfBoundsDatetime:
raise
except ValueError:
# Day is invalid, happens at the end of months, try again the day before
try:
return date_type(
date.year,
date.month,
date.day - 1,
date.hour,
date.minute,
date.second,
date.microsecond,
)
except ValueError:
# Still invalid, happens for 360_day to non-leap february. Try again 2 days before date.
return date_type(
date.year,
date.month,
date.day - 2,
date.hour,
date.minute,
date.second,
date.microsecond,
)
def _should_cftime_be_used(
source, target_calendar: str, use_cftime: bool | None
) -> bool:
"""Return whether conversion of the source to the target calendar should
result in a cftime-backed array.
Source is a 1D datetime array, target_cal a string (calendar name) and
use_cftime is a boolean or None. If use_cftime is None, this returns True
if the source's range and target calendar are convertible to np.datetime64 objects.
"""
# Arguments Checks for target
if use_cftime is not True:
if _is_standard_calendar(target_calendar):
if _is_numpy_compatible_time_range(source):
# Conversion is possible with pandas, force False if it was None
return False
elif use_cftime is False:
raise ValueError(
"Source time range is not valid for numpy datetimes. Try using `use_cftime=True`."
)
elif use_cftime is False:
raise ValueError(
f"Calendar '{target_calendar}' is only valid with cftime. Try using `use_cftime=True`."
)
return True
def _cleanup_netcdf_time_units(units: str) -> str:
time_units, ref_date = _unpack_netcdf_time_units(units)
time_units = time_units.lower()
if not time_units.endswith("s"):
time_units = f"{time_units}s"
try:
units = f"{time_units} since {format_timestamp(ref_date)}"
except (OutOfBoundsDatetime, ValueError):
# don't worry about reifying the units if they're out of bounds or
# formatted badly
pass
return units
def _encode_datetime_with_cftime(dates, units: str, calendar: str) -> np.ndarray:
"""Fallback method for encoding dates using cftime.
This method is more flexible than xarray's parsing using datetime64[ns]
arrays but also slower because it loops over each element.
"""
if TYPE_CHECKING:
import cftime
else:
cftime = attempt_import("cftime")
if np.issubdtype(dates.dtype, np.datetime64):
# numpy's broken datetime conversion only works for us precision
dates = dates.astype("M8[us]").astype(datetime)
def wrap_dt(dt):
# convert to cftime proleptic gregorian in case of datetime.datetime
# needed because of https://github.com/Unidata/cftime/issues/354
if isinstance(dt, datetime) and not isinstance(dt, cftime.datetime):
dt = cftime.datetime(
dt.year,
dt.month,
dt.day,
dt.hour,
dt.minute,
dt.second,
dt.microsecond,
calendar="proleptic_gregorian",
)
return dt
def encode_datetime(d):
# Since netCDF files do not support storing float128 values, we ensure
# that float64 values are used by setting longdouble=False in num2date.
# This try except logic can be removed when xarray's minimum version of
# cftime is at least 1.6.2.
try:
return (
np.nan
if d is None
else cftime.date2num(wrap_dt(d), units, calendar, longdouble=False)
)
except TypeError:
return np.nan if d is None else cftime.date2num(wrap_dt(d), units, calendar)
return reshape(np.array([encode_datetime(d) for d in ravel(dates)]), dates.shape)
def cast_to_int_if_safe(num) -> np.ndarray:
int_num = np.asarray(num, dtype=np.int64)
if (num == int_num).all():
num = int_num
return num
def _division(deltas, delta, floor):
if floor:
# calculate int64 floor division
# to preserve integer dtype if possible (GH 4045, GH7817).
num = deltas // delta.astype(np.int64)
num = num.astype(np.int64, copy=False)
else:
num = deltas / delta
return num
def _cast_to_dtype_if_safe(num: np.ndarray, dtype: np.dtype) -> np.ndarray:
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", message="overflow")
cast_num = np.asarray(num, dtype=dtype)
if np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer):
if not (num == cast_num).all():
if np.issubdtype(num.dtype, np.floating):
raise ValueError(
f"Not possible to cast all encoded times from "
f"{num.dtype!r} to {dtype!r} without losing precision. "
f"Consider modifying the units such that integer values "
f"can be used, or removing the units and dtype encoding, "
f"at which point xarray will make an appropriate choice."
)
else:
raise OverflowError(
f"Not possible to cast encoded times from "
f"{num.dtype!r} to {dtype!r} without overflow. Consider "
f"removing the dtype encoding, at which point xarray will "
f"make an appropriate choice, or explicitly switching to "
"a larger integer dtype."
)
else:
if np.isinf(cast_num).any():
raise OverflowError(
f"Not possible to cast encoded times from {num.dtype!r} to "
f"{dtype!r} without overflow. Consider removing the dtype "
f"encoding, at which point xarray will make an appropriate "
f"choice, or explicitly switching to a larger floating point "
f"dtype."
)
return cast_num
def encode_cf_datetime(
dates: T_DuckArray, # type: ignore[misc]
units: str | None = None,
calendar: str | None = None,
dtype: np.dtype | None = None,
) -> tuple[T_DuckArray, str, str]:
"""Given an array of datetime objects, returns the tuple `(num, units,
calendar)` suitable for a CF compliant time variable.
Unlike `date2num`, this function can handle datetime64 arrays.
See Also
--------
cftime.date2num
"""
dates = asarray(dates)
if is_chunked_array(dates):
return _lazily_encode_cf_datetime(dates, units, calendar, dtype)
else:
return _eagerly_encode_cf_datetime(dates, units, calendar, dtype)
def _eagerly_encode_cf_datetime(
dates: T_DuckArray, # type: ignore[misc]
units: str | None = None,
calendar: str | None = None,
dtype: np.dtype | None = None,
allow_units_modification: bool = True,
) -> tuple[T_DuckArray, str, str]:
dates = asarray(dates)
data_units = infer_datetime_units(dates)
if units is None:
units = data_units
else:
units = _cleanup_netcdf_time_units(units)
if calendar is None:
calendar = infer_calendar_name(dates)
try:
if not _is_standard_calendar(calendar) or dates.dtype.kind == "O":
# parse with cftime instead
raise OutOfBoundsDatetime
assert np.issubdtype(dates.dtype, "datetime64")
if calendar in ["standard", "gregorian"] and np.nanmin(dates).astype(
"=M8[us]"
).astype(datetime) < datetime(1582, 10, 15):
# if we use standard calendar and for dates before the reform
# we need to use cftime instead
emit_user_level_warning(
f"Unable to encode numpy.datetime64 objects with {calendar} calendar."
"Using cftime.datetime objects instead, reason: dates prior "
"reform date (1582-10-15). To silence this warning transform "
"numpy.datetime64 to corresponding cftime.datetime beforehand.",
SerializationWarning,
)
raise OutOfBoundsDatetime
time_unit, ref_date = _unpack_time_unit_and_ref_date(units)
# calendar equivalence only for days after the reform
_check_date_is_after_shift(ref_date, calendar)
time_delta = np.timedelta64(1, time_unit)
# Wrap the dates in a DatetimeIndex to do the subtraction to ensure
# an OverflowError is raised if the ref_date is too far away from
# dates to be encoded (GH 2272).
# DatetimeIndex will convert to units of ["s", "ms", "us", "ns"]
dates_as_index = pd.DatetimeIndex(ravel(dates))
time_deltas = dates_as_index - ref_date
# retrieve needed units to faithfully encode to int64
needed_unit, data_ref_date = _unpack_time_unit_and_ref_date(data_units)
needed_units = _numpy_to_netcdf_timeunit(needed_unit)
if data_units != units:
# this accounts for differences in the reference times
ref_delta = abs(data_ref_date - ref_date).to_timedelta64()
data_delta = np.timedelta64(1, needed_unit)
if (ref_delta % data_delta) > np.timedelta64(0, "ns"):
needed_units = _infer_time_units_from_diff(ref_delta)
# needed time delta to encode faithfully to int64
needed_time_delta = _unit_timedelta_numpy(needed_units)
floor_division = np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer) or dtype is None
if time_delta > needed_time_delta:
floor_division = False
if dtype is None:
emit_user_level_warning(
f"Times can't be serialized faithfully to int64 with requested units {units!r}. "
f"Resolution of {needed_units!r} needed. Serializing times to floating point instead. "
f"Set encoding['dtype'] to integer dtype to serialize to int64. "
f"Set encoding['dtype'] to floating point dtype to silence this warning."
)
elif np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer) and allow_units_modification:
floor_division = True
new_units = f"{needed_units} since {format_timestamp(ref_date)}"
emit_user_level_warning(
f"Times can't be serialized faithfully to int64 with requested units {units!r}. "
f"Serializing with units {new_units!r} instead. "
f"Set encoding['dtype'] to floating point dtype to serialize with units {units!r}. "
f"Set encoding['units'] to {new_units!r} to silence this warning ."
)
units = new_units
time_delta = needed_time_delta
# get resolution of TimedeltaIndex and align time_delta
# todo: check, if this works in any case
num = _division(
time_deltas, time_delta.astype(f"=m8[{time_deltas.unit}]"), floor_division
)
num = reshape(num.values, dates.shape)
except (OutOfBoundsDatetime, OverflowError, ValueError):
num = _encode_datetime_with_cftime(dates, units, calendar)
# do it now only for cftime-based flow
# we already covered for this in pandas-based flow
num = cast_to_int_if_safe(num)
if dtype is not None:
# todo: check, if this is really needed for all dtypes
num = _cast_to_dtype_if_safe(num, dtype)
return num, units, calendar
def _encode_cf_datetime_within_map_blocks(
dates: T_DuckArray, # type: ignore[misc]
units: str,
calendar: str,
dtype: np.dtype,
) -> T_DuckArray:
num, *_ = _eagerly_encode_cf_datetime(
dates, units, calendar, dtype, allow_units_modification=False
)
return num
def _lazily_encode_cf_datetime(
dates: T_ChunkedArray,
units: str | None = None,
calendar: str | None = None,
dtype: np.dtype | None = None,
) -> tuple[T_ChunkedArray, str, str]:
if calendar is None:
# This will only trigger minor compute if dates is an object dtype array.
calendar = infer_calendar_name(dates)
if units is None and dtype is None:
if dates.dtype == "O":
units = "microseconds since 1970-01-01"
dtype = np.dtype("int64")
else:
units = "nanoseconds since 1970-01-01"
dtype = np.dtype("int64")
if units is None or dtype is None:
raise ValueError(
f"When encoding chunked arrays of datetime values, both the units "
f"and dtype must be prescribed or both must be unprescribed. "
f"Prescribing only one or the other is not currently supported. "
f"Got a units encoding of {units} and a dtype encoding of {dtype}."
)
chunkmanager = get_chunked_array_type(dates)
num = chunkmanager.map_blocks(
_encode_cf_datetime_within_map_blocks,
dates,
units,
calendar,
dtype,
dtype=dtype,
)
return num, units, calendar
def encode_cf_timedelta(
timedeltas: T_DuckArray, # type: ignore[misc]
units: str | None = None,
dtype: np.dtype | None = None,
) -> tuple[T_DuckArray, str]:
timedeltas = asarray(timedeltas)
if is_chunked_array(timedeltas):
return _lazily_encode_cf_timedelta(timedeltas, units, dtype)
else:
return _eagerly_encode_cf_timedelta(timedeltas, units, dtype)
def _eagerly_encode_cf_timedelta(
timedeltas: T_DuckArray, # type: ignore[misc]
units: str | None = None,
dtype: np.dtype | None = None,
allow_units_modification: bool = True,
) -> tuple[T_DuckArray, str]:
data_units = infer_timedelta_units(timedeltas)
if units is None:
units = data_units
time_delta = _unit_timedelta_numpy(units)
time_deltas = pd.TimedeltaIndex(ravel(timedeltas))
# get resolution of TimedeltaIndex and align time_delta
deltas_unit = time_deltas.unit
time_delta = time_delta.astype(f"=m8[{deltas_unit}]")
# retrieve needed units to faithfully encode to int64
needed_units = data_units
if data_units != units:
needed_units = _infer_time_units_from_diff(np.unique(time_deltas.dropna()))
# needed time delta to encode faithfully to int64
needed_time_delta = _unit_timedelta_numpy(needed_units)
floor_division = np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer) or dtype is None
if time_delta > needed_time_delta:
floor_division = False
if dtype is None:
emit_user_level_warning(
f"Timedeltas can't be serialized faithfully to int64 with requested units {units!r}. "
f"Resolution of {needed_units!r} needed. Serializing timeseries to floating point instead. "
f"Set encoding['dtype'] to integer dtype to serialize to int64. "
f"Set encoding['dtype'] to floating point dtype to silence this warning."
)
elif np.issubdtype(dtype, np.integer) and allow_units_modification:
emit_user_level_warning(
f"Timedeltas can't be serialized faithfully with requested units {units!r}. "
f"Serializing with units {needed_units!r} instead. "
f"Set encoding['dtype'] to floating point dtype to serialize with units {units!r}. "
f"Set encoding['units'] to {needed_units!r} to silence this warning ."
)
units = needed_units
time_delta = needed_time_delta
time_delta = time_delta.astype(f"=m8[{deltas_unit}]")
floor_division = True
num = _division(time_deltas, time_delta, floor_division)
num = reshape(num.values, timedeltas.shape)
if dtype is not None:
# todo: check, if this is needed for all dtypes
num = _cast_to_dtype_if_safe(num, dtype)
return num, units
def _encode_cf_timedelta_within_map_blocks(
timedeltas: T_DuckArray, # type: ignore[misc]
units: str,
dtype: np.dtype,
) -> T_DuckArray:
num, _ = _eagerly_encode_cf_timedelta(
timedeltas, units, dtype, allow_units_modification=False
)
return num
def _lazily_encode_cf_timedelta(
timedeltas: T_ChunkedArray, units: str | None = None, dtype: np.dtype | None = None
) -> tuple[T_ChunkedArray, str]:
if units is None and dtype is None:
units = "nanoseconds"
dtype = np.dtype("int64")
if units is None or dtype is None:
raise ValueError(
f"When encoding chunked arrays of timedelta values, both the "
f"units and dtype must be prescribed or both must be "
f"unprescribed. Prescribing only one or the other is not "
f"currently supported. Got a units encoding of {units} and a "
f"dtype encoding of {dtype}."
)
chunkmanager = get_chunked_array_type(timedeltas)
num = chunkmanager.map_blocks(
_encode_cf_timedelta_within_map_blocks,
timedeltas,
units,
dtype,
dtype=dtype,
)
return num, units
class CFDatetimeCoder(VariableCoder):
"""Coder for CF Datetime coding.
Parameters
----------
use_cftime : bool, optional
Only relevant if encoded dates come from a standard calendar
(e.g. "gregorian", "proleptic_gregorian", "standard", or not
specified). If None (default), attempt to decode times to
``np.datetime64`` objects; if this is not possible, decode times to
``cftime.datetime`` objects. If True, always decode times to
``cftime.datetime`` objects, regardless of whether or not they can be
represented using ``np.datetime64`` objects. If False, always
decode times to ``np.datetime64`` objects; if this is not possible
raise an error.
May not be supported by all the backends.
time_unit : PDDatetimeUnitOptions
Target resolution when decoding dates. Defaults to "ns".
"""
def __init__(
self,
use_cftime: bool | None = None,
time_unit: PDDatetimeUnitOptions = "ns",
) -> None:
self.use_cftime = use_cftime
self.time_unit = time_unit
def encode(self, variable: Variable, name: T_Name = None) -> Variable:
if np.issubdtype(
variable.data.dtype, np.datetime64
) or contains_cftime_datetimes(variable):
dims, data, attrs, encoding = unpack_for_encoding(variable)
units = encoding.pop("units", None)
calendar = encoding.pop("calendar", None)
dtype = encoding.get("dtype", None)
(data, units, calendar) = encode_cf_datetime(data, units, calendar, dtype)
safe_setitem(attrs, "units", units, name=name)
safe_setitem(attrs, "calendar", calendar, name=name)
return Variable(dims, data, attrs, encoding, fastpath=True)
else:
return variable
def decode(self, variable: Variable, name: T_Name = None) -> Variable:
units = variable.attrs.get("units", None)
if isinstance(units, str) and "since" in units:
dims, data, attrs, encoding = unpack_for_decoding(variable)
units = pop_to(attrs, encoding, "units")
calendar = pop_to(attrs, encoding, "calendar")
dtype = _decode_cf_datetime_dtype(
data, units, calendar, self.use_cftime, self.time_unit
)
transform = partial(
decode_cf_datetime,
units=units,
calendar=calendar,
use_cftime=self.use_cftime,
time_unit=self.time_unit,
)
data = lazy_elemwise_func(data, transform, dtype)
return Variable(dims, data, attrs, encoding, fastpath=True)
else:
return variable
class CFTimedeltaCoder(VariableCoder):
"""Coder for CF Timedelta coding.
Parameters
----------
time_unit : PDDatetimeUnitOptions
Target resolution when decoding timedeltas. Defaults to "ns".
"""
def __init__(
self,
time_unit: PDDatetimeUnitOptions = "ns",
) -> None:
self.time_unit = time_unit
self._emit_decode_timedelta_future_warning = False
def encode(self, variable: Variable, name: T_Name = None) -> Variable:
if np.issubdtype(variable.data.dtype, np.timedelta64):
dims, data, attrs, encoding = unpack_for_encoding(variable)
data, units = encode_cf_timedelta(
data, encoding.pop("units", None), encoding.get("dtype", None)
)
safe_setitem(attrs, "units", units, name=name)
return Variable(dims, data, attrs, encoding, fastpath=True)
else:
return variable
def decode(self, variable: Variable, name: T_Name = None) -> Variable:
units = variable.attrs.get("units", None)
if isinstance(units, str) and units in TIME_UNITS:
if self._emit_decode_timedelta_future_warning:
emit_user_level_warning(
"In a future version of xarray decode_timedelta will "
"default to False rather than None. To silence this "
"warning, set decode_timedelta to True, False, or a "
"'CFTimedeltaCoder' instance.",
FutureWarning,
)
dims, data, attrs, encoding = unpack_for_decoding(variable)
units = pop_to(attrs, encoding, "units")
dtype = np.dtype(f"timedelta64[{self.time_unit}]")
transform = partial(
decode_cf_timedelta, units=units, time_unit=self.time_unit
)
data = lazy_elemwise_func(data, transform, dtype=dtype)
return Variable(dims, data, attrs, encoding, fastpath=True)
else:
return variable