29 lines
1.3 KiB
Markdown
29 lines
1.3 KiB
Markdown
**Commons** (also known as **Common, Collective** or*' Community
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Ownership*') refers to a way of managing and owning
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[land](land "wikilink"), natural resources and industry in collective
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and democratic manner for the benefit of all in society as opposed to
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[state](state "wikilink") or [private
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ownership](Private_Ownership "wikilink").
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## Successful Commons
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According to economist [Elinor Ostrom](Elinor_Ostrom "wikilink"), the
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success of the commons depends on eight key factors:
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1. Clearly defined (clear definition of the contents of the common pool
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resource and effective exclusion of external un-entitled parties);
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2. The appropriation and provision of common resources that are adapted
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to local conditions;
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3. Collective-choice arrangements that allow most resource
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appropriators to participate in the decision-making process;
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4. Effective monitoring by monitors who are part of or accountable to
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the appropriators;
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5. A scale of graduated sanctions for resource appropriators who
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violate community rules;
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6. Mechanisms of conflict resolution that are cheap and of easy access;
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7. Self-determination of the community recognized by higher-level
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authorities; and
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8. In the case of larger common-pool resources, organization in the
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form of multiple layers of nested enterprises, with small local CPRs at
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the base level. |